Aseel Muthanna Yousif Al-Sammarraie ✉
College of Applied Sciences, University of Samarra, Samarra-Iraq
Received: Aug 14, 2023/ Revised: Sept 15, 2023/Accepted: Sept 17, 2023
(✉) Corresponding Author: aseelmuthana129@gmail.com
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli), a ubiquitous bacterium in the human gut, is a joint causative agent of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). Despite its typical role in maintaining gut health, certain strains can invade the urinary tract, leading to infections. This investigation’s principal objectives were to isolate these pathogenic E. coli strains from UTI patients, evaluate their susceptibility to an array of pre-selected antibiotics, and subsequently compare the efficacies of these antibiotics. The study amassed 100 urine specimens from various hospitals, incorporating private and educational institutions. These samples were procured from male and female patients displaying symptoms indicative of a bacterial UTI and validated through microscopic examination. Among these collected specimens, 42 exhibited positive E. coli growth, translating to a 42% infection rate. These were diagnosed with the assistance of the biomerieux vitek 2 system, and antibiotic sensitivities were inferred from the diagnostic analyzer’s data. The results illuminated Meropenem as the most effective antibiotic against the examined bacteria, with a sensitivity profile of 78%. This was followed by Amikacin (74%), Gentamicin (69%), Tobramycin (57%), Cefepime (47%), Ceftazidime (31%), Ciprofloxacin (31%), Aztreonam (28%), Ticarcillin (9.5%), and Piperacillin (7%). By elucidating the sensitivity profiles of several antibiotics on E. coli induced UTIs, this research contributes valuable data to develop more precise and effective treatment strategies.
Keywords: Sensitivity, Resistance, Isolation, Escherichia Coli, UTI, E. coli
References
Allocati, N., Masulli, M., Alexeyev, M. F., & Di Ilio, C. (2013). Escherichia coli in Europe: an overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(12), 6235-6254.
Alteri, C. J., & Mobley, H. L. (2012). Escherichia coli physiology and metabolism dictates adaptation to diverse host microenvironments. Current opinion in microbiology, 15(1), 3-9.
Becker, G. J., Garigali, G., & Fogazzi, G. B. (2016). Advances in urine microscopy. American journal of kidney diseases, 67(6), 954-964.
Blaser, M. J. (2005). An endangered species in the stomach. Scientific American, 292(2), 38-45.
Cabral, J. P. (2010). Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(10), 3657-3703.
Chen, H., & Livermore, D. (1993). Activity of cefepime and other β-lactam antibiotics against permeability mutants of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 32(suppl_B), 63-74.
Clark, D. P. (1989). The fermentation pathways of Escherichia coli. FEMS microbiology reviews, 5(3), 223-234.
D’Arrigo, M., Ginestra, G., Mandalari, G., Furneri, P., & Bisignano, G. (2010). Synergism and postantibiotic effect of tobramycin and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Phytomedicine, 17(5), 317-322.
Da Costa, P. M., Loureiro, L., & Matos, A. J. (2013). Transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria between intermingled ecological niches: the interface between humans, animals and the environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(1), 278-294.
Ghafourian, S., Sadeghifard, N., Soheili, S., & Sekawi, Z. (2015). Extended spectrum beta-lactamases: definition, classification and epidemiology. Current issues in molecular biology, 17(1), 11-22.
Gomes, T. A., Elias, W. P., Scaletsky, I. C., Guth, B. E., Rodrigues, J. F., Piazza, R. M., Ferreira, L., & Martinez, M. B. (2016). Diarrheagenic escherichia coli. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 47, 3-30.
Jacoby, G. A., & Carreras, I. (1990). Activities of beta-lactam antibiotics against Escherichia coli strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 34(5), 858-862.
Kong, R., So, C., Law, W., & Wu, R. (1999). A sensitive and versatile multiplex PCR system for the rapid detection of enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) and enteropathogenic (EPEC) strains of Escherichia coli. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38(12), 1207-1215.
Mandal, J., Acharya, N. S., Buddhapriya, D., & Parija, S. C. (2012). Antibiotic resistance pattern among common bacterial uropathogens with a special reference to ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli. The Indian journal of medical research, 136(5), 842.
Oechslin, F. (2018). Resistance development to bacteriophages occurring during bacteriophage therapy. Viruses, 10(7), 351.
Oteo, J., Navarro, C., Cercenado, E., Delgado-Iribarren, A., Wilhelmi, I., Orden, B., García, C., Miguelanez, S., Pérez-Vázquez, M. a., & García-Cobos, S. (2006). Spread of Escherichia coli strains with high-level cefotaxime and ceftazidime resistance between the community, long-term care facilities, and hospital institutions. Journal of clinical microbiology, 44(7), 2359-2366.
Padmini, N., Ajilda, A. A. K., Sivakumar, N., & Selvakumar, G. (2017). Extended spectrum β‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: critical tools for antibiotic resistance pattern. Journal of basic microbiology, 57(6), 460-470.
Pullukcu, H., Tasbakan, M., Sipahi, O. R., Yamazhan, T., Aydemir, S., & Ulusoy, S. (2007). Fosfomycin in the treatment of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli-related lower urinary tract infections. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 29(1), 62-65.
Puvača, N., & de Llanos Frutos, R. (2021). Antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli strains isolated from humans and Pet animals. Antibiotics, 10(1), 69.
Prod’hom, G., Durussel, C., & Greub, G. (2013). A simple blood-culture bacterial pellet preparation for faster accurate direct bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing with the VITEK 2 system. Journal of medical microbiology, 62(5), 773-777.
Qiao, M., Ying, G.-G., Singer, A. C., & Zhu, Y.-G. (2018). Review of antibiotic resistance in China and its environment. Environment international, 110, 160-172.
Ramsey, C., & MacGowan, A. P. (2016). A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aztreonam. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 71(10), 2704-2712.
Rao, S. P., Rama, P. S., Gurushanthappa, V., Manipura, R., & Srinivasan, K. (2014). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniaei: A multi-centric study across Karnataka. Journal of laboratory physicians, 6(01), 007-013.
Rodrigues, C., & Cunha, M. Â. (2017). Assessment of the microbiological quality of recreational waters: indicators and methods. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 2, 1-18.
Shewaramani, S., Finn, T. J., Leahy, S. C., Kassen, R., Rainey, P. B., & Moon, C. D. (2017). Anaerobically grown Escherichia coli has an enhanced mutation rate and distinct mutational spectra. PLoS genetics, 13(1), e1006570.
Sonnevend, A., Ghazawi, A., Darwish, D., Barathan, G., Hashmey, R., Ashraf, T., Rizvi, T. A., & Pal, T. (2020). In vitro efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam, aztreonam-avibactam and other rescue antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales from the Arabian Peninsula. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 99, 253-259.
Sulakvelidze, A., Alavidze, Z., & Morris Jr, J. G. (2001). Bacteriophage therapy. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 45(3), 649-659.
Tasbakan, M. I., Pullukcu, H., Sipahi, O. R., Yamazhan, T., & Ulusoy, S. (2012). Nitrofurantoin in the treatment of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli-related lower urinary tract infection. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 40(6), 554-556.
Terbtothakun, P., Nwabor, O. F., Siriyong, T., Voravuthikunchai, S. P., & Chusri, S. (2021). Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Meropenem in Combination with Aminoglycosides against Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli Harboring bla NDM-1 and bla NDM-5. Antibiotics, 10(8), 1023.
Van Elsas, J. D., Semenov, A. V., Costa, R., & Trevors, J. T. (2011). Survival of Escherichia coli in the environment: fundamental and public health aspects. The ISME journal, 5(2), 173-183.
Vidovic, S. (2008). Escherichia coliO157; prevalence, survival, and stress responses during prolonged heat and cold shocks.
Viertel, T. M., Ritter, K., & Horz, H.-P. (2014). Viruses versus bacteria—novel approaches to phage therapy as a tool against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 69(9), 2326-2336.
Zeighami, H., Haghi, F., Hajiahmadi, F., Kashefiyeh, M., & Memariani, M. (2015). Multi-drug-resistant enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea. Journal of Chemotherapy, 27(3), 152-155.
Zhanel, G. G., Lawson, C. D., Zelenitsky, S., Findlay, B., Schweizer, F., Adam, H., Walkty, A., Rubinstein, E., Gin, A. S., & Hoban, D. J. (2012). Comparison of the next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 10(4), 459-473.
How to cite this article
Al-Sammarraie, A. M. Y. (2023). Assessment of Sensitivity and Resistance in the Isolation of Escherichia Coli from Patients Diagnosed with Urinary Tract Infections. Microbial Science Archives, Vol. 3(3), 134-140. https://doi.org/10.47587/MSA.2023.3309
Licence Article Metadata
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
