Hiba Qassem Ali¹, Nibras S. Al-Ammar¹, Murtadha Almusafer²
¹Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, University of Basrah
²Urology Consultant, FICMS, FRCS (Glasgow), FACS, Iraq
Received: Aug 3, 2022/ Revised: Aug 29, 2022/ Accepted: Sept 2, 2022
Abstract
Bladder cancers are a tumor cluster which considered to be an immunologically conserved. Programmed death 1 (PD-1), and T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) has been shown to be expressed by T lymphocytes and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment in several malignancies. Many studies observed an important role for both PD-1 and TIM-3 expression in patients with cancer but still, the clinicopathological influence of these immunological markers has not yet been confirmed. In the present study, gene expression assessment by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed using paired normal and cancerous bladder cancer tissue to investigate gene expression.
Keywords Bladder cancers, Immunological markers, Microenvironment, Malignancies
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How to cite this article
Ali, H. Q., Al-Ammar, N. S., Almusafer, M. (2022). Role of PD-1 and TIM-3 expression in urinary bladder cancer. Microbial Science Archives, Vol. 2(3), 21-25.
Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.47587/MSA.2022.2301
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